In What Ways Has Research Into Gender Violence Developed From The

In What Ways Has Research Into Gender Violence Developed From The In What Ways Has Research Into Gender Violence Developed From The 1960s To The Present Day â€" Essay Example > In what ways has research into gender violencedeveloped from the 1960s to the present day? Until recently gender-based violence (GBV) was viewed mostly as a private or family matter. However, there has been a paradigm shift in thinking in the last few years about this topic and it is now viewed as both a public health problem and a human rights violation. Number of studies has been published that document the prevalence of GBV and its serious effects on women. From these studies one can safely say that that one out of every three women has experienced GBV (1). Women's groups have spoken out about GBV and have advocated for viewing GBV as a societal problem rather than as a private issue. On the other hand, legislators have been lobbied to enact and implement laws that criminalize GBV. Global conferences have passed resolutions condemning gender-based violence. Also, the United Nations has defined it and recognized it as a problem that effects individuals, families, communities and nations. Yet, with all the progress that has been made recently, what has been missing is a lack of co-ordinated services for the victims of GBV. Although women who go to health care facilities often have symptoms related to GBV, they are usually not asked about GBV in their lives. Thus, in reproductive health settings victims of GBV are often the women who are termed (and further stigmatized) as “difficult” clients. These victims are more or less considered “failures” because they often do not use the family planning methods prescribed to them, do not follow behavioral or health recommendations, fail to return for follow-up visits and fail to get treatment for their STDs (2). Their symptoms may worsen and/or they may carry on suffering from the same symptoms for years. But the real problem lies in the fact that these women don't get the help that they need for what often underlies their behavior and symptoms is undiagnosed GBV. Therefore GBV, if undetected and untreated, can reduce the effectiveness of women's health care programmes. There is no denying the fact that that even though health care providers often do not address GBV, many of their clients are GBV victims. Health care providers see clients suffering from the effects of the GBV on a daily routine basis with problems such as undiagnosable, escalating pain, repetitive episodes of STDs, and unintended pregnancies (3). Faced with such difficulties, staff may feel powerless, even feel like failures themselves because they do not know what to do. Staff may even come to know that the effects of the GBV are undermining the services they provide. But as they are not trained to recognize and address GBV as well as there is no institutional base to support them in this area, health care providers feel helpless to intervene. According to recent studies, what now needs to be done is to begin to address the effects of GBV on the victims. For example, in developing countries, a visit to a reproducti ve health facility may be the only health care visit that a woman makes. This visit thus becomes a very timely and unique opportunity to assess clients for GBV.

75 Vocabulary Words for Talking About Sports in Italian

When you think about sports and Italy in the same sentence, the infamous calcio is the first to come to mind. And if you have spent any length of time following Italian soccer and Italys obsession with its teams, names like Juventus and gli Azzurri will come to mind. But beyond calcio, Italians practice and are interested in many other sports, and if you want to be able to talk in Italian about the sports that you practice or practiced and love—or, while you are there, you are interested in picking up a hoops game or taking a yoga class—here are 75 useful phrases about lo sport. Lo Sport: Fare and Giocare Sports in Italian (plural gli sport, pronounced with a rolling r) are expressed with two verbs you should know: fare—to do—and giocare—to play. You use giocare for most team sports and you use fare for most other athletic activity, though there are some exceptions. Fare and Giocare Fare Giocare fare sport: to pratice a sport giocare a uno sport: to play a sport fare ginnastica: to do aerobics giocare a calcio: to play soccer fare yoga: to practice yoga giocare a tennis: to play tennis fare palestra: to do weight-lifting giocare a golf: to play golf fare ciclismo: to do cycling giocare a pallacanestro: to play basketball fare nuoto: to swim giocare a pallavolo: to play volleyball fare canottaggio: to do canoeing giocare a rugby: to play rugby Other sports that use fare are fare danza (to dance/study dance), fare motociclismo (motorcycling), fare equitazione or andare a cavallo (horseback riding), fare surfing, and fare pesca sportiva (sports fishing). Others use the plain verb—for example, arrampicare (to climb). All of it amounts to fare sport. When you are speaking of being someone who practices these sports, these are the words you use: Gli Atleti: The Athletes un calciatore/una calciatrice a soccer player un/una alpinista a climber un/una ciclista a cyclist un/una tennista a tennis player un sollevatore pesi/una sollevatrice a weight lifter un ballerino/una ballerina a dancer un nuotatore/una nuotatrice a swimmer un pugile a boxer un/una surfista a surfer un/un'atleta an athlete By the way, if you are a professional you are un/una professionista; if you are a champion you are un campione or una campionessa; if you are an amateur, you are un/una dilettante. Quando ero piccola facevo danza, poi ho cominciato a giocare a tennis. When I was little I took dance, then I began to play tennis.Io gioco a pallavolo due volte a settimana. I play volleyball twice a week.Mio fratello à ¨ il campione regionale di ciclismo. My brother is the regional cycling champion.Sono stato un calciatore tutta la vita; adesso faccio equitazione. I played soccer all my life; now I do horseback riding.Mia figlia à ¨ una seria alpinista. My daughter is a serious climber.Faccio boxing, ma cosà ¬, per divertimento; sono un dilettante. I do boxing but for fun. I am an amateur. I Giochi di Squadra: Team Sports Of course, il calcio—soccer—is at the top of the list. Even if you’re not a big sports fan, attending a calcio game in Italy is a cultural must, so when you do that, here are a handful of words that may be useful to you. La Terminologia del Calcio: Soccer Terminology la porta the gol segnare to score a goal gol! score! la partita the game il portiere the goalie i giocatori the players l'arbitro the referee i tifosi the fans Dove posso vedere la partita? Where can I see the game?Chi à ¨ larbitro? Who is the ref?Chi gioca oggi? Who is playing today?Amo giocare a calcio. Ci sono partite tra amici qui? I love to play soccer: Are there any matches among friends here?Posso giocare? May I play?Possono i miei figli giocare a calcio con gli altri bambini? May my children play soccer with the other children? If you love soccer and you happen to be spending June in Florence, you should read up on calcio storico, or historical football, that dates back to the 16th century, and go see the game. For more detailed soccer vocabulary, check out this article. Il Ciclismo: Cycling Cycling is a huge sport in Italy, cultivated and followed through the generations. The Giro d’Italia (also simply called Il Giro) is an annual bike race that takes the top professional cyclists in the world all throughout Italy over three weeks. It starts in early May and is one of professional cyclings three grand tours, alongside the Tour de France and Spains Vuelta a Espana. Beloved Italian cycling champions such as Gino Bartali have indelibly colored national sporting lore. Of course, Italy has become a major cycling destination, and magnificent biking tours can be taken all over the country. If you are interested in cycling, know at least these few words: Andare in bicicletta: To ride a bike la bicicletta (la bici) bike la bicicletta da corsa racing bike il ciclismo su strada road cycling il ciclismo su pista track cycling mountain biking mountain biking la sella bike seat la gomma tire la ruota wheel il freno brake il telaio frame il cambio gears il casco helmet la borraccia water bottle Useful Sentences Dove posso affittare una bici? Where can I rent a bike?Che tipo di bicicletta mi suggerisce? What type of bike do you recommend for me?Voglio iniziare a fare ciclismo, ma ho bisogno della bici giusta. I want to start cycling, but I need the right bike.Preferisco una mountain bike. Dove posso andare a fare un po di mountain biking? I prefer a mountain bike. Where can I go mountain biking? A che ora à ¨ il Giro dItalia? Posso guardarlo al bar? At what time is the Giro dItalia? Can I watch it at the bar? Swimming and Skiing If you like swimming (nuotare/il nuoto) and skiing (sciare/lo sci), both are pretty big sports in Italy and you can find plenty of places both to watch and practice. Of course, you know that Italy has some of the best skiing in Europe, with famed spots such as Cortina dAmpezzo, Madonna di Campiglia, and Cervinia. Il Nuoto: Key Swimming Vocabulary il costume da bagno swimsuit gli occhialini goggles l'asciugamano towel la piscina pool il bagnino lifeguard Useful Sentences Cà ¨ una piscina da queste parti? Is there a pool around here?È una piscina riscaldata? È gratis o a pagamento? Is it a heated pool? Is it free or with a fee?Cà ¨ un istruttore di nuoto per mia figlia? Is there a swimming instructor for my daughter?Non so nuotare! I dont know how to swim.Possiamo affittare degli asciugamani? Can we rent some towels?Possiamo guardare i campionati di nuoto alla televisione? Can we watch the swimming championships on TV? Lo Sci: Key Skiing Vocabulary gli sci skis le bacchette rods gli scarponi da sci ski boots la tuta da sci ski suit la pista da sci ski trail la discesa descent la montagna mountain la sciovia ski lift l'impianto sciistico ski station lo sci alpino alpine skiing il salto ski jumping la discesa libera downhill skiing Useful Sentences Vorrei la pista da sci pià ¹ facile. I would like the easiest ski trail.Voglio fare la pista da pià ¹ difficile. I want to do the hardest ski trail.Vai a sciare sulle Dolomiti quest’anno? Sà ¬, infatti ho comprato un nuovo paio di sci. Are you going skiing in the Dolomites this year? I’m going, in fact, I bought a new pair of skis.Mi piace sciare, ma a dire il vero, preferisco fare snowboarding. I like to ski, but to tell you the truth, I prefer to snowboard.Possiamo affittare gli sci? Quanto costano? Can we rent the skis? How much do they cost?La neve non à ¨ granchà © questanno. The snow is not great this year.Dovà ¨ la sciovia pià ¹ vicina? Where is the nearest ski lift?Chi à ¨ il campione Italiano nella discesa libera? Who is the downhill skiing Italian champion?A che ora cà ¨ lo slalom alla tele? At what time is the slalom on TV? Italian Baseball and Others Baseball isn’t hugely popular in Italy, but it is present—with roots dating back to World War II—and there are leagues and a championship. There is an Italian baseball and softball federation, with a growing number of baseball and softball fields. Volleyball (pallavolo) is very well established, and there is also great interest in basketball (pallacanestro, often called simply basket)—also cultivated since World War II, brought by the U.S. military—with teams and facilities in many cities and one of the best national teams in Europe. Interested in watching a game or picking up a game? Ask someone local: Cà ¨ una squadra di basket qui? Is there a basketball team here?Cà ¨ una squadra di baseball qui? Is there a baseball team here? Si puà ² vedere una partita? Can we see a game?Ci sono partite di basket tra amici? Posso giocare? Are they pickup games among friends? Can I play?Dovà ¨ il campo da basket? Dovà ¨ il palazzatto dello sport? Mi puà ² dare le indicazioni, per favore? Where is the basketball court? Where is the arena? Can you please give me directions? LAtletica e La Corsa: Athletics and Running in Italy Athletics—latletica—is the term used to describe the ancient sports of the famed Greek athletes. It includes such things as cross-country speedwalking (la marcia), cross-country running (la corsa campestre), and marathons (le maratone). Faccio due maratone allanno. I run two marathons a year.Amo la marcia perchà © mi fa meno male alle ginocchia. I love speed-walking because it hurts my knees less. Beyond the strict terminology of Greek athletics, the runners among you will care to know about correre (to run), fare il footing (to run), and camminare (to walk). Io cammino dieci chilometri al giorno. I walk 10 miles a day.Andiamo a correre! Lets go running! If you want to go running in Italy, you might find these useful: Dove posso andare a correre qui? Where can I go running here?Cà ¨ una pista da corsa qui? Is there a running track here?Cerco una strada senza molto traffico. I am looking for a road without much traffic.Ho bisogno di strisce catarifrangenti per correre di sera. I need reflective straps for running in the evening. Beware: Italian drivers are not as vigilant or accommodating to runners as others might be. Fare Ginnastica: Gymnastics as Exercise For those of you not involved in organized sports theres the whole broad world of la ginnastica, which in English translates to the technical world of so-called gymnastics, but that in Italian is thought of as exercise in general. Basically, it substitutes for fare sport. This includes things such as fare ginnastica (to do something like aerobics, or aerobica), andare in palestra (going to the gym), praticare yoga (to practice yoga), and fare lo stretching (to stretch). These sentences might be useful if you are trying to keep up with your exercise regimen in Italy: Cà ¨ uno studio di yoga qui vicino? Is there a yoga studio nearby?Mio marito vuole andare in palestra. Cà ¨ una palestra nel nostro hotel? My husband wants to go to a gym. Is there one in our hotel?Io faccio molta ginnastica per stare in forma. E tu? I exercise a lot to stay in shape. And you?Dove posso trovare un negozio di articoli sportivi? Where can I find a sports goods store?Ho bisogno delle scarpe da corsa nuove. I need new running shoes.Posso affittare un tappetino da yoga? Can I rent a yoga mat? Of course, if you like watching the Olympics or maybe are a gymnast yourself, there is la ginnastica aerobica (aerobic gymnastics), la ginnastica ritmica (rhythmic gymnastics), la ginnastica artistica (artistic gymnastics), and la ginnastica acrobatica (acrobatic gymnastics). Hai visto la ginnastica delle Olimpiadi ieri? Gabby Douglas era fantastica!  Did you see the gymnastics events of the Olympics yesterday? Gabby Douglas was amazing! Buon divertimento!

Analysis of The Importance of Being Earnest by Oscar Wylde

Analysis of The Importance of Being Earnest: A Trivia Comedy for Serious People Oscar Wilde’s The Importance of Being Earnest is a satirical comedy, in which the characters create a double life to escape the burdens of the many social obligations imposed by late Victorian London society. The play repeatedly derides even the most sensitive social customs of the Victorian period, such as love and the institution of marriage. The protagonists, Algernon and Ernest, demonstrate Wilde’s suggestion of the trivial nature of the self-righteous moralism of the time. Wilde says, â€Å"That we should treat all trivial things in life very seriously, and all serious things of life with a sincere and studied triviality.†(961) This theme is suggested several times within the characters’ dialogue and serves as the underlying principle of conversation. Additionally, the farcical humor in the dialogue ridicules the upper class of the Victorian England society, which suggests that Wilde places the most importance and sincerity on the constraints of moral ity rather trivial then earnest. For Wilde, the word earnest involves two different ideas; false truth and a false idea of moralism. The moralism of Victorian society pushes Algernon and Jack to invent their alter egos so enabling them to escape the confines of respectability. One very prominent idea is that none of the characters ever express true remorse or guilt about lying. No one seems to hold truth and honesty in high regard. Lying has

LCT Free Essays

string(96) " been portrayed as a devoted husband who gave everything he could to try to help his sick wife\." Two short stories that share both similarities and differences are â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gillian and â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner. The saltcellars and differences between these short stories Is evident upon close examination of point of view, symbolism and theme. Both of these stories examine the life of women who live under the thumbs of men. We will write a custom essay sample on LCT or any similar topic only for you Order Now These stories were both written during a time when women were seen as inferior to men. The stories tell about protagonists who both live a recluse lifestyle because of the men around them. The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gillian tells the story of an unnamed protagonist who suffers from some type of illness that occur after the birth of her child. Her husband, and brother are doctors and do not think there is anything wrong with her that a little rest and relaxation will not cure. He insists she isolate herself from all types of physical and mental stimulation until she is completely well again. They move Into a temporary place until she becomes well. The husband locks the protagonist In a room that resembles a Jail cell. It has yellow wallpaper ailing off the walls with indistinguishable patterns. The protagonist starts a diary. The diary passages tell the story of a woman who Is profoundly affected by the yellow wallpaper, and whose mental stability continues to decline. She eventually sees a pattern looking like bars and eventually a woman locked in the cell. The diary also reveals the desire for the woman to take the wallpaper down and free the woman she imagines is trapped, but also to free herself. Two days before the end of the stay in the temporary home the woman loses her mind completely and walks aimlessly round the room, becoming the trapped woman. A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner opens with a funeral for Emily Grievers. Emily lived an Isolated life and no one had been In her house for the past decade. Emails house was once one of utmost beauty In the town, but now was Just old. The town stopped billing Emily for taxes way back In the eighteen hundreds. The younger generation was not pleased with this previous agreement and decided to try to collect the mo ney she owed. Everyone felt sympathy for Emily when her dad died. People did not think there was anything wrong with her except that she did not ant to let go of her dad. After the death of her boyfriend, Emily rarely leaves her home. Emily ages and eventually dies in bedroom that has been unoccupied for many years. After that, the townspeople enter the room that had been closed off for four decades as far as they knew (Faulkner, 2008) â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is told from the point of view of the female character. The readers are told about her hopes, dreams, and thoughts. The reader Is taken along with her as she travels the road to Insanity. The reader Is aware of the change In her thought processes as she abandons reality In hopes of gaining freedom. The narrator Is described a sick woman who has been abandoned and denied access to the help she needs. The reader is able to feel her desperation and connect with her in a way that was not the reader and that makes it possible to empathic with the character. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† was written by a woman making this struggle more personal and relatable. Charlotte Perkins Gillian herself struggled with being a woman during this period. She uses her own inner anguish to help the readers understand the female character’s point of view. The reader identifies with the woman and feels Orr for her. On the other hand, in â€Å"A Rose for Emily/’ is told from the point of view of an outsider. She is a recluse who commits a terrible crime. The reader is never told Miss Emily thoughts and therefore is left to speculate about what she was thinking. They are never allowed to go deep into her insanity. She is described as â€Å"a tradition, a duty, and a care, a sort of hereditary obligation upon the town (Faulkner 548). † She seems to be a cold, hard woman who avoids any type of human contact. The harsh way Miss Emily is described may lead to hatred from some readers. The readers may also not have sympathy for her because she is described as such a cold woman. William Faulkner was aware of the feelings of society towards women, but he could not completely relate to the difficulties women faced during this time. During Faulkner life women were seen as weaker than men, and they were expected to be submissive to their husbands. As a man during this time he was unable to separate himself from the reality he was living in to write â€Å"A Rose for Emily’. He never had a man trap him, or keep him from reaching his dreams. He never had the experiences a woman had during this time. The point of view of â€Å"A Rose for Emily’ is the same way Faulkner felt towards the women in his life. He felt like an outsider to the females. He could only imagine what the females around him thought and felt. The point of view and the way the stories are told is clearly dependent on the gender of the authors. If Faulkner had been a female Miss Emily may have been more relatable than she is in a story written by a man. The reader may have been made more aware of her thoughts and feelings and even understood why she committed the crime. She may have been seen as a desperate and lonely woman who omitted the crime because she was desperate to escape the isolation. If the author of â€Å"A Yellow Wallpaper† were a man maybe John would have been portrayed as more of a hero. He may have been portrayed as a devoted husband who gave everything he could to try to help his sick wife. You read "LCT" in category "Papers" The narrator may be seen as a burden to the husband who is trying his best to help his wife. Both of these stories are about desperate, isolated women, but the point of view and the author’s perception have a huge impact on the way the women are portrayed in the stories. A common theme for â€Å"A Rose for Emily and â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper is oppression. Many men during the nineteenth century had an oppressive nature toward the females in their lives. Both â€Å"A Rose for Emily’ and â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† show how oppression can eventually lead to depression and without treatment damage the female protagonists. Each protagonist, the writer of the Journal in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† and Emily in â€Å"A Rose for Emily’ were subjected to so much isolation that they both began to become depressed. The reader is aware of the depression, but the people closest to them in the stories are completely clueless. Emily is always was crazy then†, referring to her refusal to admit the death of her father. The woman in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† says, â€Å"he does not believe I am sick! And what can one do,† when describing her husband’s lack of acknowledgement to her depression. Both of these women were left alone to face their problems. One of the main sources of their depression was the men in their lives. For Emily, it was her father who kept men from calling on her. The narrator recalls â€Å"all the young men her father had driven away. † Emily suffered so severely from this she never married, and later poisoned her boyfriend and then kept the corpse so he is unable to leave her. Emily father was described as a dominating man. The narrator explains how the town viewed things â€Å"her father a sprawled silhouette in the foreground, his back to her,† eluded to his oppressive nature. In â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† it was the woman’s husband, who also happened to be her doctor. Her husband locked her in a room claiming she was not sick, but did have â€Å"a slight hysterical tendency†, leaving her to hallucinate and believe she sees a woman trapped behind the ugly, tattered, yellow wallpaper. These hallucinations serve as a symbol of the oppression and her desire to escape the control of her husband. A quote in â€Å"A Rose for Emily’ is â€Å"She would have to cling to that which had robbed her, as people do,† Emily hung on to her father by refusing to acknowledge his death and also by remaining in the hose she grew up in. She later decayed from the oppression that stole her freedom. The main character in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† hung on to her husband because according to her, â€Å"it is so hard to talk with John about my case, because he is so wise, and because he loves me so†. She depends on him and also fears him too. He took her freedom away and left her mentally worn down too. These stories talk about men who still ad old-fashioned beliefs and convictions at a time when the attitudes and beliefs of the world were changing. The women suffered from the way they were treated by the men they were supposed to trust and love. The setting of â€Å"A Rose for Emily’ is a town made up by Faulkner. It takes place in Jefferson, Handicapped County, Mississippi. It takes place at the county seat of Jefferson. While Faulkner made up the actual town, it can be seen as a typical town in the south around the mid to late eighteen hundreds through the mid nineteen hundreds. This story focuses on the end of the slavery era and the confusion that ensued when that all ended. It also looks at the future generations and how they dealt with the way of life that existed before they were in charge. The setting in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† helps to illustrate the attitude. It helps to show the different elements that hint at the isolation. â€Å"It’s a fancy house, yes, but more saliently, it stands back away from the road and contains many â€Å"locks† and â€Å"separate little houses† (Perkins, 2008, p. 409). Makes one realize everything is isolated even the house. The narrator is locked too large room with many windows, but the windows are barred to keep her trapped. John also seems to refer to her like an infant saying things like she is a â€Å"blessed little goose† (Perkins, 2008, p. 410). The room she is trapped in was once a nursery too. Also, the story was written during a time when women were seen as inferior to men. The setting in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gillian is a colonial mansion that the main character sees as a good place for her to recover from her healthy again. She is not fond of the room. It used to be a nursery. The â€Å"condition† of the woman becomes worse and leads to insanity after she is confined to the room covered in ugly, tattered, yellow wallpaper. After spending countless hours and days in the room the woman becomes obsessed with the patterns on the wallpaper. She begins to imagine a woman trapped behind bars in the paper. Eventually, she slips into insanity and begins to believe she is the woman trapped behind the bars in the paper, desperate to escape. On the other hand, â€Å"A Rose for Emily’ is set during the Civil War. The story is not told in chronological order like â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gillian. The small town where the story takes place is an important part of the story. The Grievers family lived in the same small town for any generations. The townspeople did not like the Grievers family because they were snobbish. Emily was not able to escape the ideas the townspeople had about her and her family. They always saw her as a snobbish Grievers. The townspeople decided to let Emily not pay taxes after the death of her father. They wanted her to be financially secure since she was on her own now. The environment she was in did not allow for change so she had no choice but to continue to be snobbish towards the townspeople and keep to herself. William Faulkner was born into a traditional family from the South. He grew up in Oxford, Mississippi. He served in the Royal Air Force during the First World War. Most of the stories he wrote from a farm in Oxford. Faulkner characters, while made up are based on the everyday characters of historical advancement and decline of the South. Faulkner stories are based upon the historical drama that was actually happening around him in his Southern Mississippi town. It talks about the changes that were happening and the legacy left behind from older generations. He talked about how the younger people were adapting to such drastic changes in the South (â€Å"William Faulkner Biography†, 2013). Charlotte Gillian Perkins was born in the town of Hartford, New England. How to cite LCT, Papers

My Stance on Pirated Movies Essay Example

My Stance on Pirated Movies Essay As movie piracy is unethical and illegal against Copyright Protection Laws, movie pirates are expected to respect anti-piracy laws by not indulging in illegal reproduction, downloading, sale, and distribution of movies in digital disc formats. The Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) and its international counterpart, the Motion Picture Association (MPA) are actively involved in combating movie piracy. Criminal laws against piracy and counterfeiting are getting tougher day by day. The movie pirates are liable to pay hefty fines and are sentenced to jail if found guilty.Great movies are created by creative artists and technicians. Talents are exhibited at fabulous costs which are redeemed when the movie is distributed for screening in theaters, home viewing via DVD, television, etc. Sometimes the distribution involves rigorous marketing.Movies contribute greatly to the economy of a country. For example, a major Hollywood movie production contributes around $200,000 per day to local economies when the artists use dozens of other businesses like hotels, transportation, etc. Once the movie is shot, the distributors buy rights from producers and decide on the number of copies to be leased out to theaters. The theater owners indulge in a bid to buy the copy before screening in theaters for an agreed time. If any pirated versions of the movie leaks out during this time it may cause enormous financial damages to the producers, distributors and theaters. The damages will be even more severe, if the movie has to be released internationally. Sometimes the pirates make new movies available for download within hours of theatrical release. According to Copyright Industries in the U.S Economy 2004 Report (1), the movie industry worldwide including producers, distributors, theaters, video stores and pay-per view providers lost $18.2 billion to piracy in the year 2005. Over eighteen million movies are pirated each month via internet downloads. China’s local film industry lost $2.7 billion to piracy in 2005. France lost $1.5 billion and Mexico lost $1.1 billion.If the pirated movies get leaked out during the time of movie release, the popularity of artists increases. It reduces their dependency on marketing. On the other hand, pirated movies hit the filmmakers and small producers hard since they are not protected legally and financially. The pirated DVDs increase the popularity of a movie. This in turn increases the number of viewers in theaters and the sale of DVDs also go higher. But digital piracy threatens to have a greater impact on the economy in the long run. Certainly, the pirated movies are inferior to the original movies without the intended effects (Pang 94).Technology is the key to prevent movie piracy. The latest reproduction and distribution technology used by the legitimate copyright holders are followed by movie pirates also (Pang 81). Good movie makers must protect their copyrights without giving in to piracy.Downloading a m ovie from websites without permission is civil disobedience and is as bad as stealing a DVD from a stall (Read 2). People who buy pirated CDs or DVDs are considered to be encouraging movie piracy and are liable to be punished. They sometimes interpret piracy as a market correction for what amounts to a cartel (Read 2). This is an excuse for not being ethical and moral before stealing intellectual property. No matter what anyone thinks about the movie industry, people have no legal or ethical right to swap movies.As technology is common to everyone, the quality of pirated movie DVDs may also increase. This is because the bandwidth and processing power have been increasing. The downloadable movies are big threats to the home movie rental and sales providers also (Freidenfelds 6). The movie industries should study the nuances of cutting edge technologies and be smart enough to protect movies from getting pirated. Heavily encrypted DVD standard with finger printing was used in 2008. Enc ryption and licensing standards may prevent pirates from digital download process when many customers move out to broadband connections. Forensic digital watermarking is a reliable technology to prevent piracy of movie content. But this method has to be implemented effectively to perform jamming attacks through low-pass filtering, noise addition, geometric shifts and manipulation of brightness, and contrast (Lubin, Bloom, Cheng 1). The consumers may not think of pirated movies if the movies are reasonably low priced and convenient for downloads.It is unlikely that any country, company, or economic system will determine the fate of the global Internet community (Strangelove 72). Every country has to take serious measures to curtail movie piracy in all forms. Presently, different countries act differently in dealing with movie piracy.The United States has strict anti-piracy laws. China is less serious in its approach towards movie piracy. China tops the table in the list of piracy wit h an estimated loss of 244 $ million at the rate of   94% in the year 2005 (Bocij 152). Other countries like Russian Federation, Hungary, etc follow in the list. It has been criticized that China has a communist bent of mind behind the subject of movie piracy. Feng Xiaogong, a film director in China says that movie piracy is less in the United States because the American people naturally see piracy as unethical and equivalent to theft whereas the Chinese do not (Pang 95). Strict and controversial bills are getting approved in the United States to stiffen penalties for movie piracy. Emphasis is made to avoid college students from illegal downloading. Awareness campaigns have long been working effectively in the United States. For example, Mr. Gibson, an assistant professor of law at the University of Richmond, Charlottesville has been regularly campaigning to propagate the copyright laws (Read 2).Digital Rights Management (DRM) technologies are fraught with difficulties and are not easy to solve. A full control may not be possible worldwide because there are inherent limits to law, technology, and corporations as regulating forces (Strangelove 56). But the movie pirates cannot get off scot-free all that easily in the near feature.

Causes and Effects of War and Violence to the civilian essays

Causes and Effects of War and Violence to the civilian essays Causes and Effects of War and Violence to the Military and Civilian Although most of these texts all in some way involve war and violence, they all have their own little personal stories within them. I found the War and Violence section to be one of the most interesting because some of the stories involved either actually real people, or real events that have occurred in our time. . My belief is one of the most common causes of war are the people or civilians so in this case war defiantly has an effect on people, but also on soldiers. The argument that I will be supporting to you is what the stories I have chosen say about the effects of war and violence on the military and civilians. The first text that I will be relating to is Anthony Hechts More Light More Light. This story to me once I totally understood it was almost horrific to read. It is a poem that is written about what went on in a concentration camp during the age of the holocaust. Right off the bat, Composed in the Tower before his execution, this beginning is immediate to the fact of the violence that is occurring to an innocent Jew. but the death was horrible, The sack of gunpowder failing to ignite. His legs were blistered sticks on which the black sap bubbled and burst as he howled for the Kindly Light A poor man living a horrible death is begging for the Kindly Light which in this case is Heaven. Due to the fact that this poem is about the holocaust you almost immediately wonder if such a death like this has actually occurred. Also this poem brings in the death of three men to which two are buried alive by a pole and then the pole is murdered in his own dignity. No Light No Light in the blue Polish eye this line sums up what has happened to the man who had to burry two other alive, then for him not cooperating he was killed in his own dignity. War and violence not only effect those who ...

Battle of Cedar Mountain - Civil War - Northern Virginia Campaign

Battle of Cedar Mountain - Civil War - Northern Virginia Campaign Battle of Cedar Mountain - Conflict Date: The Battle of Cedar Mountain was fought August 9, 1862, during the American Civil War (1861-1865). Armies Commanders Union Major General Nathaniel Banks8,030 men ​Confederates Major General Thomas Stonewall Jackson16,868 men Battle of Cedar Mountain - Background: In late June 1862, Major General John Pope was appointed to command the newly formed Army of Virginia. Consisting of three corps, this formation was tasked with driving into central Virginia and relieving pressure on Major General George B. McClellans beleaguered Army of the Potomac which was engaged with Confederate forces on the Peninsula. Deploying in an arc, Pope placed Major General Franz Sigels I Corps along the Blue Ridge Mountains at Sperryville, while Major General Nathaniel Banks II Corps occupied Little Washington. An advance force from Banks command, led by Brigadier General Samuel W. Crawford, was posted to the soth at Culpeper Court House. In the east, Major General Irvin McDowells III Corps held Falmouth. With the defeat of McClellan and the Union withdrawal to the James River after the Battle of Malvern Hill, Confederate General Robert E. Lee turned his attention to Pope. On July 13, he dispatched Major General Thomas Stonewall Jackson north with 14,000 men. This was followed by an additional 10,000 men led by Major General A.P. Hill two weeks later. Taking the initiative, Pope began driving south towards the key rail junction of Gordonsville on August 6. Assessing the Union movements, Jackson elected to advance with the goal of crushing Banks and then defeating Sigel and McDowell in turn. Pushing towards Culpeper on August 7, Jacksons cavalry swept aside their Union counterparts. Alerted to Jacksons actions, Pope ordered Sigel to reinforce Banks at Culpeper. Battle of Cedar Mountain - Opposing Positions: While waiting for Sigels arrival, Banks received orders to maintain a defensive position on the high ground above Cedar Run, approximately seven miles south of Culpeper. Favorable ground, Banks deployed his men with Brigadier General Christopher Augers division on the left. This was composed of Brigadier Generals Henry Prince and John W. Gearys brigades which were placed on the left and right respectively. While Gearys right flank was anchored on the Culpeper-Orange Turnpike, Brigadier General George S. Greenes under-strength brigade was held in reserve. Crawford formed to the north across the turnpike, while Brigadier General George H. Gordons brigade arrived to anchor the Union right. Pushing across the Rapidan River on the morning of August 9, Jackson advanced with three divisions led by Major General Richard Ewell, Brigadier General Charles S. Winder, and Hill. Around noon, Ewells lead brigade, led by Brigadier General Jubal Early, encountered the Union line. As the remainder of Ewells men arrived, they extended the Confederate line south towards Cedar Mountain. As Winders division came up, his brigades, led by Brigadier General William Taliaferro and Colonel Thomas Garnett, deployed on Earlys left. While Winders artillery rolled into position between the two brigades, Colonel Charles Ronalds Stonewall Brigade was held back as a reserve. The last to arrive, Hills men were also retained as a reserve behind the Confederate left (Map). Battle of Cedar Mountain - Banks on the Attack: As the Confederates deployed, an artillery duel ensued between Banks and Earlys guns. As the firing began taper around 5:00 PM, Winder was mortally wounded by a shell fragment and command of his division passed to Taliaferro. This proved problematic as he was ill-informed as to Jacksons plans for the impending battle and was still in the process forming his men. In addition, Garnetts brigade was separated from the main Confederate line and Ronalds troops had yet to come up in support. As Taliaferro struggled to take control, Banks began an assault on the Confederate lines. Badly beaten by Jackson in the Shenandoah Valley earlier in the year, he was eager to obtain retribution despite being outnumbered. Surging forward, Geary and Prince slammed into the Confederate right prompting Early to return from Cedar Mountain to take personal command of the situation. To the north, Crawford attacked Winders disorganized division. Striking Garnetts brigade in the front and flank, his men shattered the 1st Virginia before rolling up 42nd Virginia. Advancing into the Confederate rear, the increasingly disorganized Union forces were able to push back the lead elements of Ronalds brigade. Arriving on the scene, Jackson attempted to rally his former command by drawing his sword. Finding that it had rusted in the scabbard from lack of use, he instead waved both. Battle of Cedar Mountain - Jackson Strikes Back: Successful in his efforts, Jackson sent the Stonewall Brigade forward. Counterattacking, they were able to drive back Crawfords men. Pursuing the retreating Union soldiers, the Stonewall Brigade became overextended and was forced to retreat as Crawfords men regained some cohesion. Despite this, their efforts permitted Jackson to restore order to the entire Confederate line and bought time for Hills men to arrive. With his full force on hand, Jackson ordered his troops to advance. Pushing forward, Hills division was able to overwhelm Crawford and Gordon. While Augers division mounted a tenacious defense, they were forced to retreat following Crawfords withdrawal and an attack on their left by Brigadier General Isaac Trimbles brigade. Battle of Cedar Mountain - Aftermath: Though Banks attempted to use Greenes men to stabilize his line, the effort failed. In a last gasp attempt to rescue the situation, he directed part of his cavalry to charge the advancing Confederates. This attack was repulsed with heavy losses. With darkness falling, Jackson elected not to conduct a long pursuit of Banks retreating men. The fighting at Cedar Mountain saw Union forces sustain 314 killed, 1,445 wounded, and 594 missing, while Jackson lost 231 killed and 1,107 wounded. Believing that Pope would attack him in force, Jackson remained near Cedar Mountain for two days. Finally learning that the Union general had concentrated at Culpeper, he elected to withdraw back to Gordonsville. Concerned about Jacksons presence, Union general-in-chief Major General Henry Halleck directed Pope to assume a defensive posture in northern Virginia. As a result, Lee was able to take the initiative after containing McClellan. Coming north with the remainder of his army, he inflicted decisive defeat on Pope later that month at the Second Battle of Manassas. Selected Sources Civil War Trust: Battle of Cedar MountainFriends of Cedar Mountain CWSAC Battle Summaries: Battle of Cedar Mountain